Celtiaid-Indo-Ewropeaid hynafol - Андрей Тихомиров

Celtiaid-Indo-Ewropeaid hynafol

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5

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2023

The Celts, a diverse group of Indo-European tribes whose territory extended from the British Isles to the Far East of Asia, were already living in the second half of the 1st millennium BC on the modern-day territories of France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, northern Italy, northwestern Spain, the British Isles, the Czech Republic, and partially Hungary and Bulgaria. They were descendants of the ancient Indo-European community from the South Ural steppes, before other Indo-Europeans migrated to Western Europe.

With their rich cultural heritage and distinct languages, the Celts played a significant role in shaping the history and development of the regions they inhabited. Known for their advanced metalworking skills, their intricate artwork, and their warrior culture, the Celts left behind a lasting legacy that is still celebrated and studied today.

One of the most notable aspects of Celtic society was their deep connection with nature. They revered the natural world and believed in the presence of deities associated with rivers, forests, and mountains. This reverence for nature influenced many aspects of their daily life, from their agricultural practices to their spiritual beliefs.

The Celts were also known for their social structure, which was based on a strong sense of community and the importance of kinship ties. They lived in close-knit tribal societies, with chieftains and druids playing key roles in their governance and religious practices. These leaders were highly respected and held significant influence within their communities.

Despite their unity, the Celtic tribes were not without internal conflicts. Inter-tribal warfare was common, with skirmishes and battles fought over territory and resources. However, they also had a tradition of holding regular gatherings known as "moots," where representatives from different tribes would come together to settle disputes and foster diplomacy.

The arrival of the Romans in the 1st century BC marked a turning point in Celtic history. The Roman conquests gradually brought Celtic territories under Roman rule, leading to the assimilation of Celtic culture into the broader Roman civilization. Nevertheless, Celtic traditions and influences continued to persist in various forms, leaving a lasting impact on the cultures of Europe.

In conclusion, the Celts were a fascinating and influential group of Indo-European tribes who left an indelible mark on the history and culture of the regions they inhabited. Their legacy continues to captivate scholars and inspire curiosity about their rich and vibrant civilization.

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Tua thair mil o flynyddoedd. С. roedd pobl yn byw mewn sawl rhan o Ewrop, gan gynnwys Ynysoedd Prydain, a ddaeth i gael eu hadnabod fel yr Iberiaid oherwydd bod rhai o'u disgynyddion i'w canfod o hyd yng ngogledd Sbaen (Penrhyn Iber¬ian). Nid ydym yn gwybod llawer am y bobl gynnar hyn oherwydd eu bod yn byw ym Mhrydain ymhell cyn i air o'u hanes gael ei ysgrifennu, ond gallwn ddysgu rhywbeth o'u sgerbydau, eu harfau ac olion eu hanheddau a ddarganfuwyd. Defnyddiodd yr Iberiaid arfau ac offer cerrig. Roedd y grefft o falu a sgleinio carreg yn hysbys iddynt, a gallent wneud gwrthrychau llyfn o gerrig gydag ymylon miniog a phwyntiau.

Yn ystod y cyfnod o'r 6ed i'r 3edd ganrif. С. Ymledodd pobl o'r enw'r Celtiaid ar draws Ewrop o'r dwyrain i'r gorllewin.

Ymosododd mwy nag un llwyth Celtaidd ar Brydain. O bryd i'w gilydd ymosodwyd ar y llwythau hyn gan lwythau Celtaidd eraill o'r Cyfandir. Treiddiodd llwythau Celtaidd o'r enw'r Pictiaid i'r mynyddoedd ar y Gogledd; croesodd rhai Pictiaid yn ogystal â llwythau o Albanwyr drosodd i Iwerddon ac ymgartrefu yno. Yn ddiweddarach dychwelodd yr Albanwyr i'r ynys fwy ac ymgartrefu yn y Gogledd wrth ymyl y Pictiaid. Daethant mewn niferoedd mor fawr fel y rhoddwyd enw'r Alban i'r wlad honno ymhen amser. Llwythau Celtaidd pwerus, y Brythoniaid, oedd yn dal y rhan fwyaf o'r wlad, ac enwyd hanner deheuol yr ynys yn Brydain ar eu hôl. Heddiw mae'r geiriau "Briton" a "British" yn cyfeirio at bobl Ynysoedd Prydain gyfan.

Nid oedd yr Iberiaid yn gallu ymladd yn ôl ymosodiadau'r Celtiaid a oedd wedi'u harfogi â gwaywffyn metel, cleddyfau, dagrau ac echelau. Lladdwyd y rhan fwyaf o'r Iberiaid yn y gwrthdaro; gyrrwyd rhai ohonynt tua'r gorllewin i fynyddoedd yr hyn sydd bellach yn Gymru a'r lleill yn ôl pob tebyg yn gymysg â'r Celtiaid.