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The Reign of Ivan the Terrible - Андрей Тихомиров

The Reign of Ivan the Terrible

Страниц

15

Год

2025

Правление Ивана Грозного, первого царя Руси, оставило глубокий след в истории страны. Его жизнь, полная драматических событий и противоречий, не перестает волновать умы историков и писателей на протяжении многих веков. Иван IV был человеком многогранной натуры: он сочетал в себе образованность, будучи патроном книгопечатания, литературный талант и политическую мудрость. Именно благодаря его усилиям произошло укрепление и расширение российского государства, которое начало занимать более значимые позиции на международной арене.

Тем не менее, несмотря на его безусловные заслуги, правление Ивана IV также ознаменовалось разрушительными последствиями, включая жестокие репрессии, которые нанесли урон как его личным достижениям, так и жизням подданных. Этот разрыв между исключительными успехами в области государственного управления и репрессивными мерами, направленными против инакомыслящих, создает образ одной из самых трагичных личностей в российской истории.

Иван Грозный стал символом противоречивой эпохи, когда стремление к власти и стабильности соседствовало с насилием и страхом. Его реформы в сфере управления, экономики и культуры отмечали поворотный момент в развитии России, тогда как его паранойя и жестокость к последователям и врагам порождали настоящие трагедии, такие как опричнина — период, в котором Иван IV терроризировал самарийские и сословные группы во имя укрепления своей власти. Таким образом, это многоаспектное наследие Ивана Грозного продолжает оставаться предметом изучения и обсуждения, что лишь подчеркивает его значимость в контексте российской истории.

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Unification of Russian lands


The unification of the Russian lands ended under Ivan III's son, Vasily III, who ruled in Moscow from 1505 to 1533. In place of the disparate principalities, a large state of Russia appeared, spread over 2,800 thousand square kilometers. It was a single state, where all cities and lands were subordinate to the Grand Duke. The population of Russia was 9 million people. Previously, the appanage princes were the rulers of their lands, but now they have become the boyars of the Grand Duke and entered the Boyar Duma. It was a council of noble people who helped the prince solve important issues. The decrees said: "The Grand Duke ordered, and the boyars were sentenced." However, there were still traces of feudal fragmentation in the country. Some boyar princely states retained their possessions and felt like little rulers. They had their own squads and did not always obey Moscow. In the 16th century, the Moscow government fought against this in order to strengthen the central government. Before his death, Vasily III bequeathed the throne to his son Ivan, who was only three years old at the time. The state was ruled by his mother, Princess Elena, with her brothers, the Princes of Glinsky.

When Ivan grew up, disputes for power began. His uncles, the brothers of Vasily III, wanted to rule themselves, but the Glinskys defeated them and sent them to prison. But after Elena's death, the Shuisky princes seized power, then the Belsky. In 1546, the Glinskys returned to power.

These changes were often accompanied by violence and killings. The boyars who ruled the country used their power for personal gain.

Ivan IV, the future tsar Ivan the Terrible, witnessed all these events. He also sometimes intervened in the struggle for power. In 1543, he ordered the execution of Prince Andrei Shuisky, and in 1546– two princes Vorontsov. In January 1547, Ivan turned 17 years old, and he was crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. Metropolitan Macarius put a golden crown on him and proclaimed him an autocratic tsar. Ivan became the first tsar of Russia. This event strengthened his power and increased the international prestige of the country.

In February 1547, Ivan married Anastasia, the daughter of the Moscow boyar Roman Zakharin. From that moment on, he became an adult and could manage the state himself.

Ivan IV, known as Ivan the Terrible, received a good education under the guidance of Metropolitan Macarius. He read a lot and studied the history of Kievan Rus, the Principality of Vladimir and European countries. Ivan realized early on that many princes and boyars did not want to unite Russia, but wanted to be independent rulers in their lands. He decided to strengthen the state and make it stronger.

Ivan was an intelligent and talented man. In his youth, he surprised everyone with his knowledge and thoughts. He was a good politician, diplomat and military commander. But he had a difficult personality: he often got angry and lost his temper. Since childhood, Ivan has been suspicious and violent. He did not tolerate disobedience and could punish even a small offense.

At a time when the country was ruled by boyars, the life of peasants and townspeople became very difficult. The Boyars took away a lot of money and land from people, and the peasants suffered from this. In some places, people began to rebel against the boyars.

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