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Belinsky on social development - Андрей Тихомиров

Belinsky on social development

Страниц

15

Год

2023

Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky (1811-1848) was not just an ordinary Russian educator, literary critic, and philosopher. He was a visionary who revolutionized the literary landscape of his time. Belinsky's immense knowledge and passion for literature propelled him to collaborate with prestigious magazines such as "Telescope" (1833-1836), "Domestic Notes" (1839-1846), and "Sovremennik" (1847-1848). But his mission was not simply to be a literary critic; he aspired to create a comprehensive and all-encompassing literary criticism that would transcend boundaries.

Belinsky's brilliance lay in his ability to challenge the existing reality through his critical analysis. He understood that literature had the power to mirror society and shed light on its flaws and injustices. By placing criticism at the forefront of his work, he harnessed the potential to pave the way for a new era in Russian literature.

Belinsky's contribution to Russian literature was not only limited to theoretical discussions. He played a pivotal role in shaping the realistic trend that emerged during his time. He recognized Nikolai V. Gogol as the leader of this movement, as his works embodied the principles and values Belinsky espoused. Realism, for Belinsky, was more than just a literary technique; it was a means of portraying the true essence of human experiences, of capturing the national identity and embracing humanism.

In his comprehensive literature reviews and thought-provoking articles on prominent literary figures such as A. S. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov, Belinsky dissected their work and provided a historical analysis. His insight went beyond mere literary analysis; he delved into the intricacies of their artistry, exploring the profound connections to national identity, nationality, and humanism.

Belinsky's legacy resides not only in his written works but in his unwavering commitment to the development of Russian literature. His ideas continue to inspire and influence generations of literary scholars, proving that his pursuit of a universal literary criticism was not in vain. Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky, a name engraved in the annals of Russian literary history, forever remembered for his pioneering spirit and profound contributions to the world of letters.

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Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky was born on June 1 (13), 1811 in the city of Sveaborg (Finland, then part of the Russian Empire), where his father served as a naval doctor. His childhood was spent in the town of Chembar (since 1948, the town of Belinsky) of the Penza province, where his father was a county physician. Since childhood, Belinsky has known the need that haunted him throughout his life. After studying at the Chembarsky district school (1822-1825) and the Penza gymnasium (1825-1829), he entered the Moscow University for the verbal department. At the university, a philosophical and political circle of students united around themselves, called the "Literary Society of the 11th number"; the members of the circle discussed socio-political and literary issues. In 1832, he was expelled from the university for his drama "Dmitry Kalinin", in which he sharply criticized serfdom and demanded its destruction. Since 1833 he acted as a literary critic in magazines, was a regular employee of the magazine "Telescope" and the newspaper "Rumor" published as an appendix to it, closed in 1836 by the tsarist government. In 1834 his article "Literary Dreams" was published in "Rumor", which attracted the attention of modern society. The first critical articles of Belinsky were highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin and other Russian democratic writers of that time. In 1838-1839. Belinsky edited the Moscow Observer magazine. At the end of 1839 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he began to conduct literary criticism in the magazine "Otechestvennye Zapiski", which he created a great success. Having parted ways with the publisher of "Domestic Notes" A. A. Kraevsky in 1846, he moved to the magazine "Sovremennik", edited by N. A. Nekrasov, where he worked until the end of his life. The years of work in "Domestic Notes" and "Sovremennik" are the most mature and fruitful time in Belinsky's life. In the 40s, he closely converged with A. I. Herzen; they were brought together by anti-serfdom, revolutionary beliefs and the struggle against reactionary ideology. Belinsky was closely associated with prominent figures of Russian culture of that era – I. S. Turgenev, M. S. Shchepkin, A.V. Koltsov, had a great influence on the literary work of N. A. Nekrasov, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, T. G. Shevchenko and other democratic writers. On July 3, 1847, shortly before his death, while abroad (in Paris, France, in Salzbrunn, Germany) for treatment, he wrote the famous "Letter to Gogol", which was actually his political testament. Belinsky's life ended early: he died of pulmonary tuberculosis on May 26 (June 7), 1848 in St. Petersburg; he was buried at the Volkov Cemetery, on the "Literary Bridges".


V. G. BELINSKY

Portrait of the artist Kirill Antonovich Gorbunov (1822-1893) – Russian portrait painter. He came from serfs, was released in 1841 due to the efforts of K. P. Bryullov, V. A. Zhukovsky, M. F. Orlov. K. A. Gorbunov was in close relations with many prominent figures of Russian culture, especially with his countryman V. G. Belinsky, who had a decisive influence on the views of the young artist. He became very famous for portraits executed in the 30-40s from nature (oil painting, watercolor, drawing, lithography) by M. Y. Lermontov, V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, M. S. Shchepkina, A.V. Koltsov, T. N. Granovsky, etc.

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