Английский язык для медиков

Жанр: Медицина

Автор

Страниц

Год

2008

The book provides a history of medicine, starting from its origins as an art and gradually evolving into a science. It explores three main stages of medicine development: Medicine of Ancient Civilizations, Medicine of the Middle Ages, and Modern Medicine.

In the ancient civilizations, medical practices were mainly associated with ceremonial rituals, with medicine-men using magic to heal the sick and injured. However, as new civilizations emerged, they began to study the human body and develop practical methods of treatment. For example, early Indians set fractures and practiced aromatherapy, while the Chinese pioneered immunization and acupuncture. The Greeks made significant contributions to medicine, with leaders like Aesculapius and Hippocrates. Aesculapius and his daughters established dynasties of healers and hygienists, with the division between curative and preventive medicine still relevant today. Hippocrates also summarized the ethical principles of a physician, known as the Hippocratic Oath.

During the Middle Ages, the hospital became an important achievement in medicine, first appearing in Oriental countries and later in Europe. The establishment of universities during the 13th and 14th centuries allowed students to study medicine alongside other disciplines. In the 18th century, advancements were made in chemistry, anatomy, biology, and other sciences. This period saw the invention of the stethoscope by Rene Laennec, vaccination for smallpox, the discovery of anesthetics, and the development of immunology and scientific surgery.

In the 19th century, bacteriology became a prominent field, with important discoveries made by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. These developments in scientific bacteriology paved the way for advances in surgery, such as the use of antiseptics and the control of wound infection.

The book then highlights the significant contributions of medicine in the 20th century to the basic medical sciences, though the summary is cut off.

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1. History of medicine

Medicine is among the most ancient of human occupations. It began as an art and gradually developed into a science over the centuries. There are 3 main stages in medicine development: Medicine of Ancient Civilizations, Medicine of Middle Ages and Modern Medicine.

Early man, like the animals, was subject to illness and death. At that time medical actions were mostly a part of ceremonial rituals. The medicine—man practiced magic to help people who were ill or had a wound. New civilizations, which developed from early tribes, began to study the human body, its anatomic composition. Magic still played an important part in treating but new practical methods were also developing. The early Indians, e. g., set fractures and practiced aromatherapy. The Chinese were pioneers of immunization and acupuncture. The contribution of the Greeks in medicine was enormous. An early leader in Greek medicine was Aesculapius. His daughters, Hygeia and Panacea gave rise to dynasties of healers (curative medicine) and hygienists (preventive medicine). The division in curative and preventive medicine is true today. The ethic principles of a physician were summarized by another Greek, Hippocrates. They are known as Hippocrates Oath.

The next stage of Medicine's development was the Middle Ages. A very important achievement of that time was the hospital. The first ones appeared in the 15–th century in Oriental countries and later in Europe. Another advance of the Middle Ages was the foundation of universities during 13–14–th centuries. Among other disciplines students could study medicine. During 18–th century new discoveries were made in chemistry, anatomy, biology, others sciences. The advances of that time were invention of the stethoscope (by Rene Laennec), vaccination for smallpox, discovery of anesthetics and development of immunology and scientific surgery. The next century is rise of bacteriology. Important discoveries were made by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. The development of scientific bacteriology made possible advances in surgery: using antiseptics and control of wound infection.

Medicine in the 20–th century made enormous contribution in the basic medical sciences. These are discovery of blood groups and vitamins, invention of insulin and penicillin, practice of plastic surgery and transplantation.

New words

medicine – медицина

human – человеческий

occupation – занятие

to develop – развивать

science – наука

civilization – цивилизация

Middle аges – Средние века

modern – современный

animal – животное

illness – заболевание

death – смерть

discovery – открытие

blood – кровь

2. Cell

The cell is a smallest independent unit in the body containing all the essential properties of life. Man у types of human cells can be grown in test tubes after beeing taken from the body. Cells which are functionally organized are often grouped together and operate in concert as a tissue, such as muscle tissue or nervous tissue. Various tissues may be arranged together to form a unit called organ as the kidney, liver, heart or lungs. Organs often function in groups called organ systems. Thus the esophagus, stomach, раn—сreаs, liver and intestines constitute the digestive system.

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