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The problem of demarcation in modern science - Сергей Павлов, Pavel Minakov

The problem of demarcation in modern science

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the philosophy of science. This book explores the problem of demarcation, which is the challenge of determining the boundary between science and the philosophy of science. The author discusses how philosophers have attempted to define this boundary by identifying the distinctions between disciplines, fundamental assumptions about reality, and theories of reality. The focus is on scientific realism and its application to science. The book also examines the contested nature of this boundary and the common method of dividing subjects based on data-producing methods and tools. The differentiation between methods and tools used in science and those that define science itself is crucial in addressing the demarcation problem. The book explores the relationship between science and the philosophy of science, considering both as forms of research. It delves into the boundary problem and the dichotomy between formal science conducted by scientists and their approach to data collection and use of results. The demarcation problem raises philosophical questions about how scientists research the natural world, and various attempts have been made to define the boundary between science and the philosophy of science. Philosophers have sought to identify a core set of fundamental beliefs held in scientific disciplines to facilitate the separation of scientific positions from philosophical ones.

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© Vadim Shmal, 2021

© Pavel Minakov, 2021

© Sergey Pavlov, 2021


ISBN 978-5-0055-3245-9

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Demarcation issues

In philosophy of science and epistemology, the problem of demarcation is the problem of establishing the boundary between science and philosophy of science.

Philosophers often try to show the boundary between science and philosophy of science by delineating the boundaries between disciplines or dividing fundamental assumptions about reality, such as time and space, or objectivity and subjectivity, into different theories of reality, thereby understanding the boundary between the philosophy of science and the science of science. Although it is the subject of many questions in philosophy of science and epistemology, the problem of boundaries, usually, focuses on the nature of scientific realism as applied to science.

The boundary between science and the philosophy of science is so contested that the most common method used to divide a subject is to demarcate the boundary between methods that produce data (or results) and tools that enable the collection and analysis of data (e.g. ideas, laws, structures, models, etc.).

The differentiation of the methods and tools that are used from those that define the method and tools is critical in the demarcation problem because it determines which parts of science are science and which are not.

When someone tries to cross the frontier in science, he begins to consider the philosophy of science, and both can be seen as a form of research.

Boundary problem and boundary demarcation refers to the dichotomy between formal «science» conducted by scientists and their approach to data collection and their use of data collection results.

Questions of the demarcation problem concern these different ways of researching the natural world by scientists.

Many philosophical questions have been raised to try to define the boundary between science and the philosophy of science. Many philosophers have tried to find a «core» of fundamental beliefs held by scientific disciplines, which would allow us to separate scientific positions from the positions of the philosophy of science.

The theory of scientific realism, according to which scientific hypotheses can be derived from the real world and tested scientifically, is often the subject of controversy when delineating. According to these principles of scientific realism, it is generally believed that any theory of reality is at least partially correct, and that any claim to the contrary should be questioned. According to this theory, all scientific methods available to scientists (and everyone else) are equally effective and there are no gaps in human knowledge. It is a fundamental element of scientific realism that is often the subject of controversy between scientists and philosophers of science. This objection can be challenged with a slightly more technical side of the issue, citing the existence of many fundamental principles of science that are outside the realm of human knowledge, and for example, such things as the existence of certain numbers.

More humorously, the use of a physical model, and therefore the existence of a real equivalent to Newton’s Newton, is often used to refute many of the claims made by philosophers of science.

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